2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1alpha-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol

ABSTRACT

Compounds of formula I are provided where X 1  and X 2  are independently selected from H or hydroxy protecting groups. Such compounds may be used in preparing pharmaceutical compositions and are useful in treating a variety of biological conditions.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.60/629,943 filed Nov. 22, 2004, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference and for all purposes in its entirety as iffully set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol and topharmaceutical formulations that include this compound. The inventionalso relates to the use of2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol or saltsthereof in the preparation of medicaments for use in treating variousdiseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The natural hormone, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (also referred to as1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and calcitriol) and its analog in theergosterol series, i.e. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂, are known to behighly potent regulators of calcium homeostasis in animals and humans,and their activity in cellular differentiation has also beenestablished, Ostrem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2610 (1987).Many structural analogs of these metabolites have been prepared andtested, including 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃, 1α-hydroxyvitamin D₂, variousside chain homologated vitamins, and fluorinated analogs. Some of thesecompounds exhibit an interesting separation of activities in celldifferentiation and calcium regulation. This difference in activity maybe useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases as renalosteodystrophy, vitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis, psoriasis,and certain malignancies. The structure of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ andthe numbering system used to denote the carbon atoms in this compoundare shown below.

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃=1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol=Calcitriol

Another class of vitamin D analogs, i.e. the so called 19-nor-vitamin Dcompounds, is characterized by the replacement of the A-ring exocyclicmethylene group (carbon 19), typical of the vitamin D system, by twohydrogen atoms. Biological testing of such 19-nor-analogs (e.g.,1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D₃) revealed a selective activity profilewith high potency in inducing cellular differentiation, and very lowcalcium mobilizing activity. Thus, these compounds are potentiallyuseful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancies, or thetreatment of various skin disorders. Two different methods of synthesisof such 19-nor-vitamin D analogs have been described (Perlman et al.,Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 1823 (1990); Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32,7663 (1991), and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191).

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,666,634, 2β-hydroxy and alkoxy (e.g., ED-71) analogsof 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ have been described and examined by theChugai group as potential drugs for osteoporosis and as antitumoragents. See also Okano et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 1444(1989). Other 2-substituted (with hydroxyalkyl, e.g., ED-120, andfluoroalkyl groups) A-ring analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ havealso been prepared and tested (Miyamoto et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41,1111 (1993); Nishii et al., Osteoporosis Int. Suppl. 1, 190 (1993);Posner et al., J. Org. Chem. 59, 7855 (1994), and J. Org. Chem. 60, 4617(1995)).

Various 2-substituted analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-nor-vitamin D₃ havealso been synthesized, i.e. compounds substituted at the 2-position withhydroxy or alkoxy groups (DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,713), with2-alkyl groups (DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,410), and with2-alkylidene groups (DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928), whichexhibit interesting and selective activity profiles. All these studiesindicate that binding sites in vitamin D receptors can accommodatedifferent substituents at C-2 in the synthesized vitamin D analogs.

In a continuing effort to explore the 19-nor class of pharmacologicallyimportant vitamin D compounds, analogs which are characterized by thepresence of a methylene substituent at carbon 2 (C-2), a hydroxyl groupat carbon 1 (C-1), and a shortened side chain attached to carbon 20(C-20) have also been synthesized and tested.1α-Hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-pregnacalciferol is described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,566,352 while1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-homopregnacalciferol is described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,579,861 and1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol is described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,627,622. All three of these compounds have relativelyhigh binding activity to vitamin D receptors and relatively high celldifferentiation activity, but little if any calcemic activity ascompared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Their biological activities makethese compounds excellent candidates for a variety of pharmaceuticaluses, as set forth in the '352, '861 and '622 patents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol and relatedcompounds, pharmaceutical formulations that include2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol, and theuse of this compound in the preparation of medicaments for use intreating various disease states.

Therefore, in one aspect, the invention provides a compound having theformula I shown below

where X¹ and X² may be the same or different and are independentlyselected from H or hydroxy-protecting groups. In some embodiments, X¹and X² are both hydroxy protecting groups such as silyl groups. In somesuch embodiments, X¹ and X² are both t-butyidimethylsilyl groups. Inother embodiments, X¹ and X² are both H such that the compound is2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol having theformula IA as shown below:

In some such embodiments, the compound of formula IA is a compound offormula IB and has the structure shown below:

The above compound exhibits a desired, and highly advantageous, patternof biological activity. This compound is characterized by relativelyhigh binding to vitamin D receptors, but very low intestinal calciumtransport activity, as compared to that of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃,and has very low ability to mobilize calcium from bone, as compared to1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Hence, this compound can be characterized ashaving little, if any, calcemic activity. Thus, it may be useful as atherapy for suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism of renalosteodystrophy.

The compound of the invention is also especially suited for treatmentand prophylaxis of human disorders which are characterized by animbalance in the immune system, e.g. in autoimmune diseases, includingmultiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graftreaction, and rejection of organ transplants; and additionally for thetreatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis,asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases such as celiac disease,ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Acne, alopecia and hypertensionare other conditions which may be treated with the compound of theinvention.

The above compound is also characterized by relatively high celldifferentiation activity. Thus, this compound also provides atherapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis, or as an anti-canceragent, especially against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer andprostate cancer. In addition, due to its relatively high celldifferentiation activity, this compound provides a therapeutic agent forthe treatment of various skin conditions including wrinkles, lack ofadequate dermal hydration, i.e. dry skin, lack of adequate skinfirmness, i.e. slack skin, and insufficient sebum secretion. Use of thiscompound thus not only results in moisturizing of skin but also improvesthe barrier function of skin.

The compounds of the invention may be used to prepare pharmaceuticalformulations or medicaments that include a compound of the invention incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Suchpharmaceutical formulations and medicaments may be used to treat variousbiological disorders such as those described herein. Methods fortreating such disorders typically include administering an effectiveamount of the compound or an appropriate amount of a pharmaceuticalformulation or a medicament that includes the compound to a subjectsuffering from the biological disorder. In some embodiments, the subjectis a mammal. In some such embodiments, the mammal is selected from arodent, a primate, a bovine, an equine, a canine, a feline, an ursine, aporcine, a rabbit, or a guinea pig. In some such embodiments, the mammalis a rat or is a mouse. In some embodiments, the subject is a primatesuch as, in some embodiments, a human.

The compound may be present in a composition to treat the above-noteddiseases and disorders in an amount from about 0.01 μg/gm to about 1mg/gm of the composition, preferably from about 0.1 μg/gm to about 500μg/gm of the composition, and may be administered topically,transdermally, orally, or parenterally in dosages of from about 0.01μg/day to about 1 mg/day, preferably from about 0.1 μg/day to about 500μg/day.

Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will beapparent from the following detailed description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-7 illustrate various biological activities of2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol (referredto as “2Mtris P” in the Figures) compared with those of the nativehormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (referred to as “1,25(OH)₂D₃” in theFigures).

FIG. 1 is a graph comparing the relative activity of 2Mtris P and1,25(OH)₂D₃ to compete for binding with [³H]-1,25-(OH)₂-D₃ to thefull-length recombinant rat vitamin D receptor.

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the percent HL-60 cell differentiation as afunction of the concentration of 2Mtris P with that of 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the in vitro transcription activity of2Mtris P with that of 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 4 is a bar graph comparing the bone calcium mobilization activityof 2Mtris P with that of 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 5 is a bar graph comparing the intestinal calcium transportactivity of 2Mtris P with that of 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 6 is a bar graph comparing the serum calcium levels in adult ratsafter administration of 2Mtris P and 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

FIG. 7 is a bar graph comparing the percent parathyroid hormone (PTH)suppression in adult rats of 2Mtris P with 1,25(OH)₂D₃.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol wassynthesized, and tested, and found to be useful in treating a variety ofbiological conditions as described herein. Structurally, this compoundhas the formula IA as shown below:

Preparation of2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol can beaccomplished by condensing an appropriate bicyclic Windaus-Grundmanntype ketone (II) with the allylic phosphine oxide III followed bydeprotection (removal of the Y₁ and Y₂ groups).

In phosphine oxide III, Y₁ and Y₂ are preferably hydroxy-protectinggroups such as silyl protecting groups. The t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)group is an example of a particularly useful hydroxy-protecting group.The process described above represents an application of the convergentsynthesis concept, which has been applied effectively to the preparationof numerous vitamin D compounds (see Lythgoe et al., J. Chem. Soc.Perkin Trans. I, 590 (1978); Lythgoe, Chem. Soc. Rev. 9, 449 (1983); Tohet al., J. Org. Chem. 48, 1414 (1983); Baggiolini et al., J. Org. Chem.51, 3098 (1986); Sardina et al., J. Org. Chem. 51, 1264 (1986); J. Org.Chem. 51, 1269 (1986); DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191; DeLuca etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,713; and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety andfor all purposes as if fully set forth herein).

Phosphine oxide III is a convenient reagent that can be used to preparea large number of 19-nor vitamin D compounds and may be preparedaccording to the procedures described by Sicinski et al., J. Med. Chem.,41, 4662 (1998), DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928; Perlman et al.,Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991); and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,086,191. Scheme I shows the general procedure for synthesizingphosphine oxide III as outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928 which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as if fully set forthherein. Modification of the method shown in Scheme I may be used toproduce a large number of vitamin D analogs as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. For example, a wide variety of phosphonium compoundsmay be used in place of the MePh₃P⁺Br⁻ used to convert ketone B toalkene C. Examples of such compounds include EtPh₃P⁺Br⁻, PrPh₃P⁺Br⁻, andcompounds generally prepared by reaction of triphenylphosphine with analkyl halide, an alkenyl halide, a protected-hydroxyalkyl halide, and aprotected hydroxyalkenyl halide. Alkenes prepared using this proceduremay then be carried through to prepare a phosphine oxide in an analogousmanner to that used to prepare phosphine oxide H in Scheme I.Alternatively, an alkene analogous to compound C of Scheme I may bereduced with (Ph₃P)₃RhCl and H₂ to provide other vitamin D analogs. SeeU.S. Pat. No. 5,945,410 and Sicinski, R. R. et al., J. Med. Chem., 41,4662-4674 (1998) both of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties and for all purposes. Therefore, the procedure forforming the phosphine oxide shown in Scheme I may be used to prepare awide variety of vitamin D analogs in addition to the compound of thepresent invention.

Hydraindanones of structure II can prepared by known methods or adaptedmethods as will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art anddescribed herein. Specific examples of some important bicyclic ketonesused to synthesize vitamin D analogs are those described in Mincione etal., Synth. Commun 19, 723, (1989); and Peterson et al., J. Org. Chem.51, 1948, (1986).

An overall process for synthesizing 2-alkylidene-19-nor-vitamin Dcompounds is illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,928 whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposesas if fully set forth herein.

As used herein, the term “hydroxy-protecting group” signifies any groupcommonly used for the temporary protection of the hydroxy (—OH)functional group, such as, but not limited to, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl,alkylsilyl or alkylarylsilyl groups (hereinafter referred to simply as“silyl” groups), and alkoxyalkyl groups. Alkoxycarbonyl protectinggroups are alkyl-O—CO— groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl,propoxycarbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, isobutoxycarbonyl,tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or allyloxycarbonyl. The term“acyl” signifies an alkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, in all of itsisomeric forms, or a carboxyalkanoyl group of 1 to 6 carbons, such as anoxalyl, malonyl, succinyl, glutaryl group, or an aromatic acyl groupsuch as benzoyl, or a halo, nitro or alkyl substituted benzoyl group.Alkoxyalkyl protecting groups are groups such as methoxymethyl,ethoxymethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, or tetrahydrofuranyl andtetrahydropyranyl. Preferred silyl-protecting groups are trimethylsilyl,triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, dibutylmethylsilyl,diphenylmethylsilyl, phenyldimethylsilyl, diphenyl-t-butylsilyl andanalogous alkylated silyl radicals. The term “aryl” specifies a phenyl-,or an alkyl-, nitro- or halo-substituted phenyl group. An extensive listof protecting groups for the hydroxy functionality may be found inProtective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M.,John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., (3rd Edition, 1999) which can beadded or removed using the procedures set forth therein and which ishereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes asif fully set forth herein.

A “protected hydroxy” group is a hydroxy group derivatized or protectedby any of the above groups commonly used for the temporary or permanentprotection of hydroxy functional groups, e.g., the silyl, alkoxyalkyl,acyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups, as previously defined.

EXAMPLES Synthesis of2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol

The synthesis and characteristics of various 19-nor vitamin D analogs isdescribed in numerous United States patents including U.S. Pat. No.5,843,928, U.S. Pat. No. 6,627,622, U.S. Pat. No. 6,579,861, U.S. Pat.No. 5,086,191, U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,369, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,981.Each of the above-described references is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forthherein.

Compounds of formula I, formula IA, and formula IB were prepared usingthe methods shown in Schemes I, IIA, and IIB. Compound 1 is obtained byozonolysis of ergocalciferol or vitamin D₂ as described by Sicinski etal. (J. Med. Chem. 41, 4662-4672, 1998). Compound 1 is reduced withborohydride to produce the dihydroxy compound 2. These reactions can befollowed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using a solvent system of10% ethyl acetate in hexane. Treatment of 2 with acetic anhydride inpyridine provides the acetate compound 3. Compound 3 is then treatedwith triethylsilyl trifluoromethane sulfonate followed by basehydrolysis (heating with KOH in methanol) to yield compound 4. Again,these reactions are followed by the same TLC system as above. Compound 4is oxidized with sulfur trioxide in pyridine, dimethylsulfoxide andtriethylamine to provide 5. The reaction is followed by TLC using 10% inacetic acid. Treatment of 5 with sodium bicarbonate to epimerize thecompound followed by reduction with sodium borohydride in methanolprovides alcohol 6 and is detected by TLC with 20% ethyl acetate inhexane. Compound 6 is then tosylated with p-toluene sulfonyl chloride intriethylamine to produce compound 7 which is in turn treated with sodiumcyanide in DMSO to produce the cyano derivative compound 8. Again, TLCwith 20% ethyl acetate is used to follow the reaction. Treatment of 8with acid in H₂O followed by reaction with diisobutylaluminium hydrideprovides compound 9. The reactions were followed by 10% ethyl acetate inhexane using TLC. Compound 9 is then reacted with n-butyl lithium andmethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide to produce compound 10. Reduction of10 using hydrogen and palladium on carbon as the catalyst producedcompound 11. These products were detected by TLC using 5% ethyl acetatein hexane. The triethylsilyl (TES) protecting group was removed usingtetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) to provide compound 12 which wasdetected with 20% ethyl acetate in hexane using TLC. Oxidation of 12with pyridinium chlorochromate produced ketone 13. The Ring-A phosphineoxide compound 14 was synthesized as shown in Scheme I and as previouslydescribed. Compound 13 was then coupled with the A-ring phosphonium saltusing n-butyl lithium as set forth in the above-referenced patentdocuments to produce compound 15, the t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS)protected vitamin derivative. The TBDMS protecting groups were thenremoved using TBAF in tetrahydrofuran to provide the final compound 16again detected by TLC using 5% ethyl acetate in hexane. This product wasfully characterized as described below.

2-Methylene-19-nor-(20s)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol

UV (in EtOH) λ_(max) 244, 253, 262 nm; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃), 0.550 (3H, s,18-H₃), 0.835 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, 21-H₃), 0.869 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz, 24-H₃),1.87 (1H, m), 2.01 (2H, m), 2.29 (1H, dd, J=13.2, 8.7 Hz, 10α-H), 2.33(1H, dd, J=13.2, 6.3 Hz, 4β-H), 2.58 (1H, dd, J=13.2, 4.2 Hz, 4α-H),2.82 (1H, dd, J=12.0, 3.9 Hz, 9β-H), 2.86 (1H, dd, J=13.2, 4.8 Hz,10β-H), 4.49 (2H, m, 1β- and 3α-H), 5.09 and 5.11 (1H and 1H, each s,═CH₂), 5.89 and 6.36 (1H and 1H, each d, J=11.1 Hz, 7- and 6-H); MS(APCI) m/z (relative intensity) 359 ([M+H]+, 13), 341 ([M+H]+—H₂O, 100),323 ([M+H]+—2.H₂O, 97)).

Biological Activity Vitamin D Receptor Binding

Test Material

Protein Source

Full-length recombinant rat receptor was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3)Codon Plus RIL cells and purified to homogeneity using two differentcolumn chromatography systems. The first system was a nickel affinityresin that utilizes the C-terminal histidine tag on this protein. Theprotein that was eluted from this resin was further purified using ionexchange chromatography (S-Sepharose Fast Flow). Aliquots of thepurified protein were quick frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. until use. For use in binding assays, the protein was diluted inTEDK₅₀ (50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4, 5 mM DTT, 150 mM KCl) with 0.1%Chaps detergent. The receptor protein and ligand concentration wasoptimized such that no more than 20% of the added radiolabeled ligandwas bound to the receptor.

Study Drugs

Unlabeled ligands were dissolved in ethanol and the concentrationsdetermined using UV spectrophotometry (1,25(OH)₂D₃: molar extinctioncoefficient=18,200 and λ_(max)=265 nm; Analogs: molar extinctioncoefficient=42,000 and λ_(max)=252 nm). Radiolabeled ligand(³H-1,25(OH)₂D₃, ˜159 Ci/mmole) was added in ethanol at a finalconcentration of 1 nM.

Assay Conditions

Radiolabeled and unlabeled ligands were added to 100 mcl of the dilutedprotein at a final ethanol concentration of ≦10%, mixed and incubatedovernight on ice to reach binding equilibrium. The following day, 100mcl of hydroxylapatite slurry (50%) was added to each tube and mixed at10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The hydroxylapaptite was collectedby centrifugation and then washed three times with Tris-EDTA buffer (50mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) containing 0.5% Titron X-100. After thefinal wash, the pellets were transferred to scintillation vialscontaining 4 ml of Biosafe II scintillation cocktail, mixed and placedin a scintillation counter. Total binding was determined from the tubescontaining only radiolabeled ligand.

HL-60 Differentiation

Test Material

Study Drugs

The study drugs were dissolved in ethanol and the concentrationsdetermined using UV spectrophotometry. Serial dilutions were prepared sothat a range of drug concentrations could be tested without changing thefinal concentration of ethanol (≦0.2%) present in the cell cultures.

Cells

Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cells were grown in RPMI-1640 mediumcontaining 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were incubated at 37° C. inthe presence of 5% CO₂.

Assay Conditions

HL60 cells were plated at 1.2×10⁵ cells/ml. Eighteen hours afterplating, cells in duplicate were treated with drug. Four days later, thecells were harvested and a nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assay wasperformed (Collins et al., 1979; J. Exp. Med. 149:969-974). Thepercentage of differentiated cells was determined by counting a total of200 cells and recording the number that contained intracellularblack-blue formazan deposits. Verification of differentiation tomonocytic cells was determined by measuring phagocytic activity (datanot shown).

In Vitro Transcription Assay

Transcription activity was measured in ROS 17/2.8 (bone) cells that werestably transfected with a 24-hydroxylase (24Ohase) gene promoterupstream of a luciferase reporter gene (Arbour et al., 1998). Cells weregiven a range of doses. Sixteen hours after dosing the cells wereharvested and luciferase activities were measured using a luminometer.RLU=relative luciferase units.

Intestinal Calcium Transport and Bone Calcium Mobilization

Male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on Diet 11 (0.47% Ca)diet +AEK for one week followed by Diet 11 (0.02% Ca) +AEK for 3 weeks.The rats were then switched to a diet containing 0.47% Ca for one weekfollowed by two weeks on a diet containing 0.02% Ca. Dose administrationbegan during the last week on 0.02% calcium diet. Four consecutive ipdoses were given approximately 24 hours apart. Twenty-four hours afterthe last dose, blood was collected from the severed neck and theconcentration of serum calcium determined as a measure of bone calciummobilization. The first 10 cm of the intestine was also collected forintestinal calcium transport analysis using the everted gut sac method.

PTH Suppression and Hypercalcemia

Species

Adult, female Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Harlan (Madison,Wis.).

Animal Husbandry

Upon receipt, the animals were identified by individual tail marks.Animals were housed in suspended, stainless steel, wire-bottom cages.Each cage contained one animal. The animal rooms were maintained at atemperature of 68 to 72° F. and a relative humidity of 25 to 75%. Theholding rooms were set to provide 12 hours of light per day. Water and apurified rodent diet (Suda et al., Purified Rodent Diet-Diet 11)containing 0.47% and 0.3% phosphorus and fat soluble vitamins A, D, Eand K were provided ad libitum.

Treatment Groups

Animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups (5 animals/group).All doses were administered intraperitoneally in 100 microliters ofpropylene glycol. Four to seven consecutive doses were givenapproximately 24 hours apart. Dosing was initiated after the animals hadbeen allowed to acclimate for at least one week.

Dose Preparation

Control Material

A. Negative Control Material

The negative control material was prepared by volumetrically measuringethanol (<5%) and propylene glycol, mixing, and then placing in storageat 2 to 8° C.

B. Positive Control Material

1,25(OH)₂D₃ was prepared by determining the concentration of an ethanolstock solution using UV spectrophotometry (extinctioncoefficient=18,200; λ_(max)=265 nm). The required amount of 1,25(OH)₂D₃was volumetrically measured into propylene glycol so that there was lessthan 5% ethanol in the final solution. The solution was mixed and thenstored at 2 to 8° C.

Test Material

The analogs were prepared by first determining the concentration of anethanol stock solution using UV spectrophotometry (extinctioncoefficient=42,000; λ_(max)=252 nm). The analog solutions were thenvolumetrically added to propylene glycol so that there was less than 5%ethanol in the final solution. The solution was mixed and stored at 2 to8° C.

Dose Administration Method

Both control and test articles were administered by intraperitonealinjection in 100 microliters for 4-7 consecutive days spacedapproximately 24 hours apart. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ was given for 4 consecutivedays, whereas, the test drugs were given for 7 consecutive days.

Serum PTH Levels

Twenty-four hours after the final dose, blood was collected from thetail artery and the concentration of bioactive serum PTH was measuredusing the rat BioActive Intact PTH ELISA Kit from Immutopics, Inc. (SanClemente, Calif.).

Serum Calcium Analysis

Twenty-four hours after the final dose, approximately 1 ml of blood wascollected from the tail artery of each experimental animal. The bloodwas allowed to coagulate at room temperature and then centrifuged at3000×g for 15 minutes. The serum was transferred to a polypropylene tubeand stored frozen at −20° C. The level of calcium was determined bydiluting the serum into 0.1% lanthum chloride and measuring theabsorbance on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer Model3110, Shelton, Conn.).

2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol is almostequal to the native hormone in binding to the vitamin D receptor asshown in FIG. 1. It is also equal in activity to 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ ininducing differentiation of HL-60 cells (FIG. 2). Although it is notquite as effective as 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ in causing transcription, it iswithin one order of magnitude of the activity of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ in thisrespect as shown in FIG. 3.2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol has littlebone calcium mobilizing activity even at the very high dose of 2340pmol/day (FIG. 4). However, the compound does retain some ability toelevate intestinal calcium transport (FIG. 5).2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol isremarkably effective in suppressing parathyroid hormone in adult rats(FIG. 6), while not raising serum calcium concentrations (FIG. 5). Thiscompound will find use as an effective therapy for secondaryhyperparathroidism of dialysis patients. It may also be used for thetreatment of malignancy of colon, prostate, and breast, and can be usedin the therapy of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis,diabetes type 1 and type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, lupus,rheumatoid arthritis and Lou Gehrig's Disease.

The compounds of the invention are also useful in preventing or treatingobesity, inhibiting adipocyte differentiations, inhibiting SCD-1 genetranscription, and/or reducing body fat in animal subjects. Therefore,in some embodiments, a method of preventing or treating obesity,inhibiting adipocyte differentiations, inhibiting SCD-1 genetranscription, and or reducing body fat in animal subject includesadministering to the animal subject, an effective amount of the compoundor a pharmaceutical composition that includes the compound.Administration of the compound or the pharmaceutical composition to thesubject inhibits adipocyte differentiation, inhibits gene transcription,and/or reduces body fat in the animal subject.

For treatment purposes, the compounds defined by formula I, formula IA,and formula IB may be formulated for pharmaceutical applications as asolution in innocuous solvents, or as an emulsion, suspension ordispersion in suitable solvents or carriers, or as pills, tablets orcapsules, together with solid carriers, according to conventionalmethods known in the art. Any such formulations may also contain otherpharmaceutically acceptable and non-toxic excipients such asstabilizers, anti-oxidants, binders, coloring agents or emulsifying ortaste-modifying agents. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients andcarriers are generally known to those skilled in the art and are thusincluded in the instant invention. Such excipients and carriers aredescribed, for example, in “Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences” MackPub. Co., New Jersey (1991), which is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

The compounds may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, ortransdermally. The compounds are advantageously administered byinjection or by intravenous infusion or suitable sterile solutions, orin the form of liquid or solid doses via the alimentary canal, or in theform of creams, ointments, patches, or similar vehicles suitable fortransdermal applications. In some embodiments, doses of from 0.001 μg toabout 1 mg per day of the compound are appropriate for treatmentpurposes. In some such embodiments an appropriate and effective dose mayrange from 0.01 μg to 1 mg per day of the compound. In other suchembodiments an appropriate and effective dose may range from 0.1 μg to500 μg per day of the compound. Such doses will be adjusted according tothe type of disease or condition to be treated, the severity of thedisease or condition, and the response of the subject as is wellunderstood in the art. The compound may be suitably administered alone,or together with another active vitamin D compound.

Compositions for use in the invention include an effective amount of2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol as theactive ingredient, and a suitable carrier. An effective amount of thecompound for use in accordance with some embodiments of the inventionwill generally be a dosage amount such as those described herein, andmay be administered topically, transdermally, orally, nasally, rectally,or parenterally.

The compound of formula IA and formula IB may be advantageouslyadministered in amounts sufficient to effect the differentiation ofpromyelocytes to normal macrophages. Dosages as described above aresuitable, it being understood that the amounts given are to be adjustedin accordance with the severity of the disease, and the condition andresponse of the subject as is well understood in the art.

The compound may be formulated as creams, lotions, ointments, aerosols,suppositories, topical patches, pills, capsules or tablets, or in liquidform as solutions, emulsions, dispersions, or suspensions inpharmaceutically innocuous and acceptable solvent or oils, and suchpreparations may contain, in addition, other pharmaceutically innocuousor beneficial components, such as stabilizers, antioxidants,emulsifiers, coloring agents, binders or taste-modifying agents.

The formulations of the present invention comprise an active ingredientin association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore andoptionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulations and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administrationmay be in the form of discrete units as capsules, sachets, tablets orlozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the activeingredient; in the form of a powder or granules; in the form of asolution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or non-aqueous liquid; orin the form of an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion.

Formulations for rectal administration may be in the form of asuppository incorporating the active ingredient and carrier such ascocoa butter, or in the form of an enema.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration convenientlycomprise a sterile oily or aqueous preparation of the active ingredientwhich is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid orsemi-liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, applicants,oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments orpastes; or solutions or suspensions such as drops; or as sprays.

For nasal administration, inhalation of powder, self-propelling or sprayformulations, dispensed with a spray can, a nebulizer or an atomizer canbe used. The formulations, when dispensed, preferably have a particlesize in the range of 10 to 100 microns.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in dosage unit form andmay be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.By the term “dosage unit” is meant a unitary, i.e., a single dose whichis capable of being administered to a patient as a physically andchemically stable unit dose comprising either the active ingredient assuch or a mixture of it with solid or liquid pharmaceutical diluents orcarriers.

All references cited herein are specifically incorporated by referencein their entireties and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

It is understood that the invention is not limited to the embodimentsset forth herein for illustration, but embraces all such forms thereofas come within the scope of the following claims.

1. A compound having the formula I

wherein X¹ and X² are independently selected from H and hydroxyprotecting groups.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ and X² areboth hydroxy protecting groups.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein X¹and X² are both t-butyldimethylsilyl groups.
 4. The compound of claim 1,wherein X¹ and X² are both H and the compound has the formula IA


5. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of thecompound of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 6. Thepharmaceutical composition of claim 5 wherein the effective amountcomprises from about 0.01 μg to about 1 mg of the compound per gram ofthe composition.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 whereinthe effective amount comprises from about 0.1 μg to about 500 μg of thecompound per gram of the composition.
 8. A method of treating a subjectsuffering from a biological condition, comprising administering aneffective amount of the compound of claim 4 to the subject, wherein thebiological condition is selected from psoriasis; leukemia; colon cancer;breast cancer; prostate cancer; multiple sclerosis; lupus; diabetesmellitus; host versus graft reaction; rejection of organ transplants; aninflammatory disease selected from rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, orinflammatory bowel diseases; a skin condition selected from wrinkles,lack of adequate skin firmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration, orinsufficient sebum secretion; renal osteodystrophy; or osteoporosis. 9.The method of claim 8, wherein the biological condition is psoriasis.10. The method of claim 8, wherein the biological condition is selectedfrom leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, or prostate cancer.
 11. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the biological condition is selected frommultiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus host versus graft reaction,or rejection of organ transplants.
 12. The method of claim 8, whereinthe biological condition is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, asthma,or inflammatory bowel diseases selected from celiac disease, ulcerativecolitis and Crohn's disease.
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein thebiological condition is selected from wrinkles, lack of adequate skinfirmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration, or insufficient sebumsecretion.
 14. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound isadministered orally to the subject.
 15. The method of claim 8, whereinthe compound is administered parenterally to the subject.
 16. The methodof claim 8, wherein the compound is administered transdermally to thesubject.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is administeredtopically to the subject.
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein thecompound is administered in a dosage of from 0.01 μg per day to 1 mg perday.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein X¹ and X² are both H and thecompound has the formula IB